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<h2 class="kaiti hero-topic w3-padding-large shadow-box w3-center w3-wide w3-indigo">淺論儒家文化對和合本的「仁愛、信、義與罪」的翻譯</h2>
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<div>這一話題存在爭議，涉及如何平衡基督教神學與中國傳統文化的關係。</div>
</li> --><hr />
<!--
<div>本文探討中國儒家文化如何影響中文和合本《聖經》（CUV）的幾處翻譯，<!-- 特別是用戶提到的《加拉太書》5:22-23中「love」(Agape)被翻譯為「仁愛」，以及是否存在語言、文化導致翻譯的問題。我們的研究顯示，儒家文化可能影響了中文《聖經》中的多個地方的翻譯，特別是「仁愛」、「信」、「義」和「罪」這幾個字。</div> --->
<h2>☘️ 前言</h2>
<div>🔸《和合本》聖經（Chinese Union Version, CUV）於1919年首次出版，是中國新教徒最常用的中文《聖經》譯本，由西方傳教士與受儒家教育的中國助手合作完成，其翻譯理念和用詞選擇不可避免地深受儒家文化影響。</div>
<h2>☘️ 和合本《聖經》翻譯背景與過程</h2>
<div>《和合本》的翻譯始於1890年，最初計劃包括兩個文言文版本和一個白話文版本，最終完成了一個綜合的文言文和白話文的版本。翻譯團隊包括16位西方傳教士和幾位中國專家，如程敬義、劉大誠和王志信。他們以英國出版的《修訂版聖經》（英語：English Revised Version）的希臘文底本為基礎，並交叉檢查原始語言(如英王詹姆斯譯本》（英語：King James Version)）手稿。
<!--這種合作反映了對中國文化背景的考慮，尤其是儒家思想在倫理、社會規範和語言中的核心地位。--></div>
<div>🔸根據 <a href="https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1149570"><u>Issues Related to the Chinese Translation of “God”: A Study from a Historical Perspective</u></a>，翻譯過程中存在 神的「名稱問題」，例如，如何翻譯希伯來文的「Elohim」、希臘文的「Theos」以及另一個希伯來詞「YHWH」。這一問題在晚明和早清時期尤為突出，當時的耶穌會傳教士傾向於使用「上帝」（Shangdi），這一詞語在儒家經典和傳統中國宗教中已有根基，與天神崇拜相關。相比之下，道明會（英語：Dominican Order）和方濟各會更偏好「天主」（Tianzhu），這是一個較少與儒家思想相關的新造詞。</div>
<div>🔸《和合本》聖經的譯者是以「忠於原文」為目標，就是要「堅持文字上的準確」，但由於譯經原則改變，這個目標就有新的理解：「重視意義上的準確」。<a href="https://www.fhl.net/main/eternal_qa/eternal_qa541510.html">引用：中文聖經譯經史</a></div>
<div>🔸本報告將針對四個核心詞彙——「愛」（agapē）、「信」（pistis）、「義」（dikaiosýnē）與「罪」（hamartía）—— 逐一比較原文與和合本中文譯文，探討儒家思想如何影響其意譯與註釋，並分析可能引發的神學與文化理解偏差。</div>
<h3>🔸一、「愛」（希臘文 agapē; 英文 love）的譯法與儒家「仁愛」思想</h3>
<div><h3>1. 原文意義</h3> <p>希臘文 <em>agapē</em> 多用以表達神對人的無條件、犧牲式之愛，強調超越人間情感的神聖性與主動付出[1]。</p>
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<p class="w3-large">026 agape {ag-ah'-pay} 仁<span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>愛</strong></span> <a class="w3-small" href="https://bible.fhl.net/new/s.php?N=0&k=00026&m="><u><em>☚ 請參考：信望愛資訊中心網站的CBOL原文字典</em></u></a></p>
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源自 <a href="https://bible.fhl.net/new/s.php?N=0&k=25">25</a>; TDNT - 1:21,5; 陰性名詞
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欽定本 - love 86, charity 27, dear 1, charitably + <a href="https://bible.fhl.net/new/s.php?N=0&k=2596">2596</a> 1, feast of charity 1; 116
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<span style="color: #800000;">1) 重視, 喜歡, 愛上</span>
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1a)人的愛
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1a1)沒有指出愛的對象
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1a2)明顯指出對象
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1b)神與基督的愛
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1b1)對人
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1b2)神與基督之間
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<span style="color: #800000;">2) 愛筵</span>
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<h3>2. 和合本譯文</h3> <p>和合本將 <em>agapē</em> 譯為「仁愛」，未區分與希臘文中其他愛詞（如 <em>philia</em>、<em>eros</em>）之差異[2]。</p> <h3>3. 儒家「仁」的影響</h3> <p>儒家「仁」意指「愛人」，並分「親親」、「愛物」等層次，強調人倫關係和社會和諧[3]。</p> <p>此種義理使譯者在面對基督「犧牲式之愛」時，傾向以「慈愛」、「仁愛」等道德情感詞匯加以註解，易弱化原有超越性與救贖意涵[2]。</p>
<h3>4. 影響</h3>
<div><!-- 在《加拉太書》5:22-23中，love (希臘文 Agape)被翻譯為「仁愛」。-->Agape在基督教神學中指的是上帝的無條件、犧牲性的愛，而「仁愛」在儒家倫理中強調仁慈和愛人，更多是人際關係中的道德行為。<!--翻譯為「仁愛」可能使「Agape love」的意義更接近儒家的人本倫理，就是儒家思想中五倫，「倫」即是指人與人的關係： ---></div>
<div>翻譯為「仁愛」可能使「Agape」的意義更接近儒家倫理中的仁愛概念，這種人本倫理並非基督教的Agape神愛概念。<br />儒家「仁愛」沒有論及神與人之間的愛，因此不能準確地表達基督對世人無條件的神的愛、人對神的愛(，以及對敵人的愛)。</div>
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<ol>
<li><strong>君臣</strong>之間，要求君以禮待臣，臣以忠事君；</li>
<li><strong>父子</strong>之間，強調父慈子孝，骨肉至親；</li>
<li><strong>夫婦</strong>之間，講究內外有別，相親相愛；</li>
<li><strong>兄弟</strong>之間，注重長幼有序，友愛互助；</li>
<li><strong>朋友</strong>之間，則強調以信義相交，互助互勉。</li>
</ol> --->
<div>🔸 關於Agepe Love與「仁愛」的異同解析，請看這篇文章：<a href="https://gloryw.org/Bible-Words-Study/仁愛-is-not-agape-love/"><u>仁愛不是神愛</…;。</div><br />
<h3>🔸二、「信」（pistis; faith）的譯法與儒家「信」之意義</h3>
<div>在《羅馬書》1:17中，CUV將「faith」翻譯為「信」。根據 <a href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/cuv/"><u>Read the Chinese Union Version - Traditional Free Online</u></a>，該節經文為：「因為神的義正在這福音上顯明出來，這義是本於信，以致於信。如經上所記：'義人必因信得生。'」這裡的「faith」是「信」。在儒家思想中，「信」是五常之一，強調誠信和可信度，強調誠信，而在基督教中，「faith」指的是對上帝的信任和信心。這種翻譯可能使「faith」更傾向於儒家的道德觀念，而非基督教的神學意義。</div>
</div><div> <h3>1. 原文意義</h3> <p>希臘文 <em>pistis</em> 根植於「信任」、「忠誠」的含義，指對神的整體信靠與順服，而非僅停留在誠信層面[4]。
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<p class="w3-large">4102 pistis {pis'-tis} <span class="w3-xlarge w3-text-purple">信</span> <a class="w3-small" href="https://bible.fhl.net/new/s.php?N=0&k=04102&m="><u><em>☚ 請參考：信望愛資訊中心網站的CBOL原文字典</em></u></a></p>
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源自 <a href="https://bible.fhl.net/new/s.php?N=0&k=03982">03982</a>; TDNT - 6:174,849; 陰性名詞
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欽定本 - faith 239, assurance 1, believe + <a href="https://bible.fhl.net/new/s.php?N=0&k=1537">1537</a> 1, belief 1, them that believe 1, fidelity 1; 信心的希臘文pistis在新約聖經中出現244次
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<span class="w3-large w3-text-purple">1) 對任何真理的堅信, 相信;</span>
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在新約裡, 是針對人與神的關係, 以及屬神的事的堅信和相信, 一般都包含著信靠的觀念, 以及由相信而生的神聖火熱, 並加入其中
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1a) 與神有關
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1a1) 堅信神的存在, 以及神是萬有的創造者和統治者, 是藉著基督的永恆救恩的供應者和贈與者
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1b) 與基督有關
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1b1) 一種強烈的和欣然接受的堅信或相信耶穌就是那一位彌賽亞, 我們藉著祂在神的國度裡得到永恆的救恩
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1c) 基督教的信仰
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1d) 對神或基督的那種信靠 (或是信心), 是從對神和基督的信心所發出的
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<span class="w3-large w3-text-purple">2) 忠貞, 忠實</span>
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2a) 能讓人信靠的個性
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<p>在舊約中，信心首先接受了以神為世界的創造者、生命的延續者和歷史的掌管者。在新約，信心的重點，是對彌賽亞，即耶穌基督帶來所應許，最終的啟示，作出主動的回應。(摘自證主百科)</p>
<p>基督教信仰所說的「信心」，不是出於人意，而是神所賜的：你們得救是本乎恩，也因著信；這並不是出於自己，乃是神所賜的(弗2:8)。[4]</p>
<p>信心是神的子民領受神恩典祝福的管道，是經常被談論的話題，希伯來書第11章所談論的主題就是「信心」，詳細解說信心的本質和意義，並引用舊約的信心實例，鼓勵神的子民堅固所得的信心，讓這信心應用在信仰生活中。[4]</p>
<h3>2. 和合本譯文</h3> <p>CUV將 <em>pistis</em> 一律譯為「信」或「信心」，少用「堅信和相信」、「全心信靠」等同義詞分化其細微含意[4]。</p>
<h3> 3. 儒家「信」的內涵</h3> <p>儒家將「信」列為五常之一，重在人際之誠信與社會契約之維繫[3]。「信」是中國傳統文化中的核心價值之一，意指誠實守信、言行一致。它強調說話要真實可信，做事要負責任，對人要有信用，彼此之間建立信任關係。信也代表著對他人的承諾和對自己的堅持，是維繫人際關係和社會秩序的重要基礎。儒家認為「信」是做人處世不可或缺的美德，與「仁、義、禮、智」並列五常。</p>
<h3>4. 影響</h3> <p>此翻譯選擇易使讀者忽略信仰與順服（trust and obedience）的層面，將信仰簡化為人情道德層次，引發「因信稱義」等神學教義的文化落差[5]。</p>
<h3>🔸三、「義」（dikaiosýnē; Righteousness）的譯法與儒家「義」倫理</h3>
同樣在《羅馬書》1:17，「righteousness」被翻譯為「義」。在儒家中，「義」指的是道德正當性和社會正義，而在基督教神學中，「righteousness」指的是通過對基督的信心與上帝和好的狀態。 <h3>1. 原文意義</h3> <p>希臘文 <em>dikaiosýnē</em> 指「公義」、「正義」，涵蓋神的本質公正與人藉信稱義的地位[6]。</p>
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<p>1342 dikaios {dik'-ah-yos} <span style="color: #ff0000; font-size:x-large">義</span> <a class="w3-small" href="https://bible.fhl.net/new/s.php?N=0&k=01342&m="><u><em>☚ 請參考：信望愛資訊中心網站的CBOL原文字典</em></u></a></p></td></tr>
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源於 <a href="https://bible.fhl.net/new/s.php?N=0&k=1349">1349</a>; TDNT - 2:182,168; 形容詞</td></tr>
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欽定本 - righteous 41, just 33, right 5, meet 2; 81</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #800000;">1) (合乎標準的) 正直的, 公義的, 公平的</span></td></tr>
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1a) 人:按照希羅傳統, 這種人是一個遵守文明社會的行為標準與習俗的人</td></tr>
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1b) 有關人的事</td></tr>
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1c) 神</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #800000;">2) (從正義的要求而言必須具備的) 正確的, 公正的, 合理的</span> </td></tr>
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<h3>2. 和合本譯文</h3> <p>CUV將 <em>dikaiosýnē</em> 一律譯為「義」或「公義」，未區別神的屬性義與人得稱義的不同層面[7]。</p>
<h3>3. 儒家「義」的倫理意涵</h3> <p>儒家「義」強調行為「得體」「適切」，並賦予社會責任與人格修養功能[3]。「義」是中國傳統文化中的重要概念，指的是合乎道德、正義和人倫的行為或原則。它強調個人應該根據道德標準行事，重視公正、誠信、忠誠與責任。義也代表著為了正確的事情而犧牲個人利益，維護社會和諧與正義。儒家認為「義」是做人處世的根本，與「仁」並重，強調內心的正直與外在的行為一致，是評價人品的重要標準。</p>
<h3>4. 影響</h3>
<p>此文化底色令譯者在面對「神的義在福音上顯明」等經文時，傾向以「道德正直」「社會責任」解讀，容易將公義降格為倫理規範，引起對「因信稱義」法理意涵的誤解[6]。這種翻譯可能導致讀者將「righteousness」理解為一種道德行為，而非神學上的救贖概念。</p>
<h3>🔸四、「罪」（hamartía; sin）的譯法與儒家「法罪」觀</h3>
<div>根據 <a href="https://www.dpmchina.org/directors-blog/the-chinese-union-bible"><u>The Chinese Union Bible</u></a>，CUV將「sin」翻譯為「罪」，這在中文中更接近「犯罪」或「罪行」, 是世上各種法律條文中所說的罪。
然而，聖經裏所說的「sin」來自希臘文「ἁμαρτία」，意思是犯罪
，「偏離了人或神的正直標準」或「毀滅性的邪惡力量」或「有罪的狀態」罪惡，表明罪的本質就是沒有達到神造人所要達到的標準。學者指出，這種翻譯可能誤導中國讀者，將「sin」理解為違背法律或道德，而非與上帝關係的斷絕，這可能受儒家法律觀念的影響。</div>
<div>
<h3>1. 原文意義</h3>
<p>希臘文 <em>hamartía</em> 本義為「失目標」、「偏離」，在聖經中指「與神關係破裂」之靈性狀態，並不限於法律意義[8]。</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr class="w3-center" >
<td><a href="https://bible.fhl.net/new/s.php?N=0&k=00264"><u>00264 犯罪(動詞)</u></a></td>
<td><a href="https://bible.fhl.net/new/s.php?N=0&k=0266"><u>00266 「罪」(名詞)</u></a></td>
</tr>
<tr><td>264 hamartano {ham-ar-tan'-o}</td>
<td>266 hamartia {ham-ar-tee'-ah}</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>1)犯罪</td> <td>1) (偏離了人或神的正直標準) 罪</td>
</tr>
<tr><td> 1a) 無分於</td> <td>2) (有罪的狀態) 罪惡</td></tr>
<tr><td> 1b) 未中目標</td> <td>3) (毀滅性的邪惡力量) 罪 </td></tr>
<tr><td> 1c) 犯錯, 錯誤 </td> </tr>
<tr><td> 1d) 偏離正直之途徑, 作出錯事或行到錯路上去了</td> </tr>
<tr><td> 1e) 偏離神的道, 違背神的律法</td> </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>2. 和合本譯文</h3> <p>CUV將 <em>hamartía</em> 統一譯為「罪」或「犯罪」，幾乎未用「過」「過失」等譯法[9]。</p>
<h3>3. 儒家傳統「罪」觀</h3> <p><!--中國傳統「罪」多具違反法律性質，關乎社會秩序規律，如偷搶殺傷等事；「過」則指失誤、過失，不上升為犯罪[8]。-->「罪」是指違反法律、道德或宗教規範的行為，通常涉及傷害他人、社會或破壞秩序。在中國傳統中，罪多指犯法的大事，如殺人、偷竊等，需承擔法律或道德上的責任。罪的本質是對規範的違背，需反省並承擔後果。</p>
<h3>4. 影響</h3> <p>此差異使中文讀者誤以為基督教「罪」乃社會法律層面過犯，難以體會〈原罪〉與〈罪與救贖〉的靈性深度，並在神學理解上產生落差[8][10]。</p>
</div>
<h3>☘️ 文化背景與整體翻譯方法</h3>
<div>🔸CUV 的整體翻譯方法受到中國文化的形塑，儒家思想在倫理、社會規範和語言中扮演核心角色。根據 <a href="https://www.chinasource.org/resource-library/articles/the-origins-of-th… Origins of the Chinese Union Version Bible</u></a>，早期傳教士如羅伯特·莫里森在翻譯《聖經》時，必須考慮中國的語言和文化多樣性。在19世紀，特別是在1877年的第一次總傳教會議上，討論了普通話在基督教文獻中的影響，後來的CUV翻譯委員會主席古德里奇（Goodrich）曾猶豫地問：「普通話會成為中國的通用語言嗎？」這反映了對儒家文化主導地位的認識。</div>
<div>🔸譯者需要創造一個能被中國讀者理解和接受的版本，這需要對儒家價值保持敏感性。例如，使用「上帝」和融入古典中文元素，反映了對中國文化傳統的尊重。這種敏感性有助於CUV成為中國基督徒中最受歡迎的版本，儘管近年來出現了多個新翻譯版本。</div>
<h3>☘️ 爭議與持續影響</h3>
<div>值得注意的是，儒家文化的影響也帶來了一些爭議。一些學者認為，過度依賴儒家術語可能會模糊基督教與傳統中國宗教的區別，而另一些人則認為，這是使《聖經》本土化的必要步驟。這種緊張關係在CUV的翻譯歷史中持續存在，特別是在「名稱問題」的辯論中。例如，<a href="https://www.globalchinacenter.org/analysis/reading-romans-with-eastern-… Romans with Eastern Eyes - Book Review</u></a>提到，CUV中「sin」的翻譯為「罪」可能導致誤解，這種批評反映了文化適應與神學準確性之間的衝突。</div>
<h3>☘️ 結論</h3>
<div>儒家文化通過術語選擇和整體翻譯方法，顯著影響了CUV的翻譯。除了「love」為「仁愛」，其他如「faith」為「信」、「righteousness」為「義」和「sin」為「罪」的翻譯也可能因儒家價值而影響準確性。這種影響反映了譯者試圖在基督教和中國傳統文化之間找到平衡的努力，但我們也應該特別注意關於神學的準確性。</div>
<hr />
<h3>引用資料</h3>
<h4>重要引用資料 —</h4>
[3] Wikipedia: 聖經和合本條目。<br />
[8] 李滟波. ““和合本”《圣经》中“罪”与“过”的误译”. 中南工业大学学报(社会科学版), 2002.<br />
[2] ChrisHO. “愛：Agape vs Philo”. Thewritingpeople.net, 2015.<br />
[6] Everybody Has A Theology. “神的“義”主要不在道德層面”. 2013.<br />
<h4>次要引用 —</h4>
[9] 常用箴言、詩篇中“罪”譯法例句。<br />
[5] “第一課人生逆轉(Pistis 信心)”. PDF.<br />
[10] 痞客邦 <a hrfe="https://abeteng5505.pixnet.net/blog/post/226584538">“[鏡像聖經]竄改了聖經對於[罪hamartia]的定義”</a>.<br />
[4] Glory Press. <a href="https://www.sbagape.org/media/biblestudy/Subject/htm/Faith01.htm">“新約中的信心（1,2）”. 2004</a>.<br />
[7] Seminary-students.blogspot: “稱義即進入聖約的關係”. 2013.<br />
[1] RCUV 約翰福音3:16 原文對照.<br />
<ul>
<li>
<div><a href="https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1149570">Issues Related to the Chinese Translation of “God”: A Study from a Historical Perspective</a></div>
</li>
<li>
<div><a href="https://www.chinasource.org/resource-library/articles/the-origins-of-th… Origins of the Chinese Union Version Bible</a></div>
</li>
<li>
<div><a href="https://www.dpmchina.org/directors-blog/the-chinese-union-bible">The Chinese Union Bible</a></div>
</li>
<li>
<div><a href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/cuv/">Read the Chinese Union Version - Traditional Free Online</a></div>
</li>
<li>
<div><a href="https://www.globalchinacenter.org/analysis/reading-romans-with-eastern-… Romans with Eastern Eyes - Book Review</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="w3-center w3-text-red w3-xlarge"> <span>♰</span></div>
<p class="w3-center w3-text-red "> ✍ 2025/07/16 </p>
<p class="w3-center change-color w3-xlarge">華人雲端基督教會<br> Chinese Christian Cloud Church (C4)<br>
www.gloryw.org</p>
</div> </div>
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<div>Below is the progress of Grok3 DeepSearch. For your reference.</div>
<div>Exploring translation impact</div>
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<div>The request is about how Confucian culture influenced the Chinese Union Version (CUV) Bible's translation, especially the word "love" (Agape) in Galatians 5:22-23, translated as 「仁愛」.</div>
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<div>They're questioning if</div>
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<div>Searching for "Chinese Union Version Bible translation history and Confucian influence"</div>
</div>
<div>The Origins of the Chinese Union Version Bible - ChinaSource</div>
<div>
<div>www.chinasource.org</div>
</div>
<div>A Century Later, the Chinese Union Version Still Dominant - Christianity Today</div>
<div>
<div>www.christianitytoday.com</div>
</div>
<div>Chinese Union Version - Wikipedia</div>
<div>
<div>en.wikipedia.org</div>
</div>
<div>The Bible in China: The History of the Union Version or the Culmination of Protestant Missionary Bible Translation in China 3805004338, 9783805004336 ...</div>
<div>
<div>dokumen.pub</div>
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<div>
<div>The Translation of the Bible into Chinese: The Origin and...</div>
<div>
<div>www.lutterworth.com</div>
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<div>See 4 more</div>
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<div>I'm checking web search results for info on the CUV's history and Confucian ties. Just found interesting details about its translation process and cultural context.</div>
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<div>The CUV involved Western missionaries and Chinese scholars, blending cultural perspectives. Let's see how Confucianism shaped terms like "love."</div>
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<div>One article mentions debates over terms for "God," like 「上帝」 (Shang Di), showing Confucian influence <a href="https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1149570">IntechOpen</a>.</div>
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<div>Another source highlights how Mandarin translation made the Bible accessible, avoiding reliance on Confucian terminology <a href="https://dokumen.pub/the-bible-in-china-the-history-of-the-union-version…;
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</ul>
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<div>Searching for "Confucian influence on Chinese Union Version Bible translations of key terms"</div>
<div>A Century Later, the Chinese Union Version Still Dominant - Christianity Today</div>
<div>
<div>www.christianitytoday.com</div>
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<div>
<div>The Origins of the Chinese Union Version Bible - ChinaSource</div>
<div>
<div>www.chinasource.org</div>
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<div>Chinese Union Version - Wikipedia</div>
<div>
<div>en.wikipedia.org</div>
</div>
<div>Union with Christ and Contextualization in China - ChinaSource</div>
<div>
<div>www.chinasource.org</div>
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<div>Issues Related to the Chinese Translation of “God”: A Study from a Historical Perspective | IntechOpen</div>
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<div>www.intechopen.com</div>
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<div>See 3 more</div>
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<div>New results show the CUV team included Chinese scholars, likely bringing Confucian terms into play. This could explain choices like 「仁愛」 for "love."</div>
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<div>One article ties Christian concepts to Confucian principles, suggesting cultural overlap in translation <a href="https://www.chinasource.org/resource-library/articles/union-with-christ…;
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</ul>
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<div>
<div>Searching for "critiques of Chinese Union Version Bible translations due to Confucian influence"</div>
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<div>A Century Later, the Chinese Union Version Still Dominant - Christianity Today</div>
<div>
<div>www.christianitytoday.com</div>
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<div>The Origins of the Chinese Union Version Bible - ChinaSource</div>
<div>
<div>www.chinasource.org</div>
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<div>Chinese Union Version - Wikipedia</div>
<div>
<div>en.wikipedia.org</div>
</div>
<div>Issues Related to the Chinese Translation of “God”: A Study from a Historical Perspective | IntechOpen</div>
<div>
<div>www.intechopen.com</div>
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<div>12 Scholars Who Brought the Bible into Chinese - Christianity Today</div>
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<div>www.christianitytoday.com</div>
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<div>See 5 more</div>
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<div>From the search, critiques focus on how "God" was translated, influenced by Confucian terms. This paper dives into the "Term Question," showing debates over using 「上帝」 <a href="https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1149570">IntechOpen</a>.</div>
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<div>Some articles highlight the CUV's dominance but don't directly critique Confucian influence. I'm thinking this might mean the impact is subtle, not always called out.</div>
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<div>Many sources discuss the CUV's history and collaboration, but few critique Confucian influence directly. Let's dig deeper to see if there are more specific critiques.</div>
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</ul>
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<div>Searching for "critique of Chinese Union Version Galatians 5:22-23 translation"</div>
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<div>Galatians 5:22 - Compare Bible Verse Translations</div>
<div>
<div>www.biblestudytools.com</div>
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<div>Galatians 5:22 But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness,</div>
<div>
<div>biblehub.com</div>
</div>
<div>What does Galatians 5:22-23 mean? - Quora</div>
<div>
<div>www.quora.com</div>
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<div>Galatians 5:22–23 ESV - But the fruit of the… | Biblia</div>
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<div>biblia.com</div>
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<div>Galatians 5:22 Interlinear: And the fruit of the Spirit is: Love, joy, peace, long-suffering, kindness, goodness, faith,</div>
<div>
<div>biblehub.com</div>
<div>See 2 more</div>
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<div>The search for critiques of the CUV's Galatians 5:22-23 translation didn't find direct results. Instead, I got general comparisons of Bible versions and verse meanings.</div>
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<div>This makes me think I should shift focus to the CUV's overall translation philosophy. Maybe there are critiques of terms influenced by Confucian culture.</div>
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<div>Searching for "Confucian terms in Chinese Union Version Bible"</div>
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<div>The Origins of the Chinese Union Version Bible - ChinaSource</div>
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<div>www.chinasource.org</div>
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<div>Chinese Union Version - Wikipedia</div>
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<div>en.wikipedia.org</div>
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<div>Read the Chinese Union Version - Traditional Free Online | Bible Study Tools</div>
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<div>www.biblestudytools.com</div>
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<div>The Chinese Union Bible</div>
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<div>www.dpmchina.org</div>
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<div>A Century Later, the Chinese Union Version Still Dominant - Christianity Today</div>
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<div>www.christianitytoday.com</div>
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<div>New info shows Confucian terms appear in the CUV, like in the ChinaSource article on its origins. It mentions cultural background, including Confucianism.</div>
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<div>I'm curious if there are other Christian concepts translated with Confucian terms. For instance, "faith" might use 「信」 (xin), meaning trustworthiness, not just belief.</div>
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</ul>
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<div>Browsing <a href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/romans/1-17-compare.html">biblestudytoo…; for "Chinese Union Version translation of faith in Romans 1:17"</div>
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<div>The webpage doesn't include the CUV translation of Romans 1:17, but shows other versions using "faith," like "the righteous shall live by faith" <a href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/asv/romans/1-17.html">ASV</a>.</div>
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<div>Other translations, such as BBE and CEB, also feature "faith" in similar phrases, referencing Habakkuk 2:4. This gives context for how "faith" is typically rendered.</div>
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<div>The CJB version uses "trust" instead of "faith," which might reflect different cultural interpretations. I'm wondering if this relates to Confucian ideas of trustworthiness.</div>
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<div>The DBY translation shows "faith" in Romans 1:17, saying "the just shall live by faith." This aligns with other versions, reinforcing the common phrasing.</div>
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<div>GNT and GNTA both emphasize "faith from beginning to end," with the righteous living by faith. This consistency across translations is interesting to note.</div>
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<div>GW highlights God's approval through faith, saying "the person who has God's approval will live by faith." HNV and JUB also stick to "faith," keeping the phrasing tight.</div>
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<div>Examining faith translations</div>
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<div>LEB shows "faith" in Romans 1:17, saying "the one who is righteous by faith will live." NCV uses "trusting," which might echo Confucian ideas of reliability.</div>
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<div>NIRV mentions "those who are right with God will live by faith," citing Habakkuk 2:4. NRSA and RHE also use "faith," maintaining the standard phrasing.</div>
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<div>
<div>Searching for "Chinese Union Version Romans 1:17"</div>
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<div>The Bible in China: The History of the Union Version or the Culmination of Protestant Missionary Bible Translation in China 3805004338, 9783805004336 ...</div>
<div>
<div>dokumen.pub</div>
</div>
<div>
<div>Genesis 1 – New International Version NIV | Biblica</div>
<div>
<div>www.biblica.com</div>
</div>
<div>Union with Christ and Contextualization in China - ChinaSource</div>
<div>
<div>www.chinasource.org</div>
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<div>Reading Romans with Eastern Eyes - Book Review — Global China Center</div>
<div>
<div>www.globalchinacenter.org</div>
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<div>Bible (CUV) NT 06: 聖經 (和合本) 新約：羅馬書 (Romans) : Chinese Union Version : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive</div>
<div>
<div>archive.org</div>
</div>
<div>See 4 more</div>
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<div>In the CUV, Romans 1:17 is translated as "因为神的义正在这福音上显明出来，这义是本于信，以致于信。如经上所记：'义人必因信得生。'" Here, "faith" is "信" (xin).</div>
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<div>Investigating term meanings</div>
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<div>"Faith" in the CUV uses "信" (xin), meaning trustworthiness in Confucianism, but here it's faith in God. This might blend cultural ideas, affecting interpretation.</div>
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<div>"Righteousness" is "义" (yi), tied to Confucian moral rightness, not just Christian standing with God. It could shift how readers see the text.</div>
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<div>"Sin" is translated as "罪" (zui) in the CUV, meaning crime, which fits Confucian legalistic views. This might make readers see sin as breaking laws, not missing God's mark.</div>
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<div>The translation could lead to misunderstandings, aligning more with Confucian ethics than Christian theology. I'm thinking this affects how the text is interpreted.</div>
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<div>Comparing theological concepts</div>
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<div>Confucian "信" (xin) emphasizes honesty, while Christian "faith" is trust in God. This difference might confuse readers of the CUV.</div>
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<div>In the CUV, "righteousness" as "义" (yi) leans toward Confucian moral justice, not Christian standing with God. This could alter theological understanding.</div>
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<div>Evaluating translation choices</div>
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<div>CUV often picks Confucian terms like "信" for "faith," making the Bible feel familiar to Chinese readers. This approach helps acceptance but blurs Christian and Confucian lines.</div>
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<div>CUV's use of "信" for "faith" might make readers see it as reliability, not divine trust. This could shift their understanding toward Confucian values.</div>
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</ul>
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<div>Assessing additional influences</div>
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<div>
<ul>
<li>
<div>"Righteousness" as "义" (yi) in the CUV reflects Confucian moral rightness, not Christian standing with God. This might affect how readers interpret salvation.</div>
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